OTHERS_CITABLE ارزیابی میزان تطابق کیفی و کمی داده‌های ژئوفیزیکی با عیارسنجی کانسار مس دره‌زرشک یزد به‌منظور پیشنهاد موقعیت بهینه گمانه‌های اکتشافی جدید در کانسار مس درۀ زرشک یزد داده‌های ژئوفیزیکی مغناطیس سنجی، مقاومت ویژه و قطبش القایی برداشت شده و تعداد 25 حلقه گمانه‌ اکتشافی در سطح محدوده حفاری شده است. در پژوهش حاضر مدل­سازی وارون و پردازش داده‌های ژئوفیزیکی و میزان انطباق کیفی و کمی آنها با داده‌های عیارسنجی گمانه‌ها انجام شده است. برای این منظور ابتدا نقشه شدت میدان مغناطیسی کل بعد از اعمال فیلترها و پردازش­های لازم ترسیم شد و گسترش سطحی و عمقی بی‌هنجاری­ها روی آن مشخص شد. ترسیم پروفیل بی­هنجاری ایستگاه­های برداشت مغناطیسی منطبق بر چهار پروفیل ژئوالکتریکی نشان می‌دهد که اغلب محدوده­های بی­هنجار مغناطیسی، دارای بارپذیری زیاد و مقاومت ویژه کم نیز هستند که بر تطابق کیفی داده­های مغناطیسی و ژئوالکتریک با یک‌دیگر و در نتیجه افزایش احتمال کانی­سازی در منطقه دلالت دارد. سپس براساس تفسیر کیفی مقاطع ژئوالکتریک، موقعیت بهینه حفاری روی هر پروفیل پیشنهاد شد. ترسیم مقطع ماده‌ معدنی منطبق بر پروفیل­های ژئوالکتریک با استفاده از داده‌های عیارسنجی گمانه‌ها نشان داد که حفاری برخی گمانه‌ها مبتنی بر نتایج عملیات ژئوفیزیکی نیست و بدون هیچ­گونه منطق، هدف و طراحی درستی صورت گرفته است. به­طورکلی بررسی میزان تطابق کیفی نتایج عملیات برداشت ژئوالکتریک با داده­های عیارسنجی گمانه­ها تطابق کیفی نسبتاً خوبی را نشان داد. هم‌چنین بررسی میزان هم‌بستـگی خطی بین داده­های ژئوفیزیکی وارون­سازی­شده با داده­های عیارسنجی گمانه‌ها در یک محـدودۀ مشخص و یکسان، بعد از یک شبکه‌بندی معین و برابر و درون­یابی مقادیر آنها، به‌طورکلی انطباق کمی نسبتاً خوبی (بین 4/0 تا 7/0) نشان داد.   http://jeg.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2908-fa.pdf 2021-05-31 1 34 10.52547/jeg.15.1.1  کانسار مس دره­زرشک یزد داده­های ژئوفیزیکی مدل­سازی وارون هموار داده­های عیارسنجی تطابق کیفی و کمی Qualitative and Quantitative Evaluation of Geophysical Data Accordance with Assay Data in Yazd Darreh-Zereshk Copper Deposit to Propose Optimal Location for new Exploration Boreholes In Yazd Darreh-Zereshk copper deposit geophysical data containing magnetic, resistivity and induced polarization have been surveyed and 25 boreholes have been drilled in the area. In the present research, inversion and processing of geophysical data as well as their qualitative and quantitative accordance with boreholes assay data have been carried out. To achieve the goal first, total magnetic intensity map after applying necessary filters and processing, was mapped to identify surface and deep expansion of anomalies on it. Drawing the anomaly profile of magnetic stations surveyed along 4 geoelectric profiles shows that most of the magnetic anomaly zones have high chargeability and low resistivity that indicates the qualitative compatibility of magnetic and geoelectric data, as a result increasing the probability of mineralization in the area. Afterward  on the basis of qualitative interpretation of geoelectrical sections, optimal locations of drilling on the each profile were proposed. Plotting mineral deposit cross-section along the geoelectrical profiles using the boreholes assay data, revealed that drilling of some boreholes located on the geophysical profiles haven’t been based on the results of geophysical operation, carried out without any right logic, purpose and design. In general, the qualitative accordance of the results of geoelectrical operation with the boreholes assay data showed a pretty good qualitative accordance. Also investigation of linear correlation coefficient value between inverted geophysical data and borehole assay in a specific same range after a same definite gridding and interpolation of their values, overall indicated a relatively good quantitative accordance (between 0.4 and 0.7)../files/site1/files/151/1.pdf http://jeg.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2908-en.pdf 2021-05-31 1 34 10.52547/jeg.15.1.1 Yazd Darreh-Zereshk copper deposit Geophysical data Smoothness inversion modeling Assay data qualitative and quantitative accordance Reza Ahmadi rezahmadi@gmail.com 1 Mining Engineering Department, Arak University of Technology AUTHOR Zahra Baharloueie zahrabaharloei2012@gmail.com 2 Mining Engineering Department, Arak University of Technology AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE مطالعۀ آزمایشگاهی تأثیر نسبت تمرکز تنش در مقاومت برشی بستر ماسه‌ای مسلح شده با ستون سنگی نسبت تمرکز تنش(n) یکی از پارامترهای مهم در امر بهسازی زمین به‌روش ستون سنگی است. مقدار نسبت تمرکز تنش (n) که به‌صورت نسبت تنش وارد بر ستون سنگی به تنش وارد بر توده خاک اطراف تعریف می‌شود. در این مقاله نتایج حاصل از بررسی آزمایشگاهی به‌منظور بررسی تغییرات نسبت تمرکز تنش در هنگام اعمال بارهای قائم و برشی هم‌زمان استفاده شده است. برای مدل‌سازی فیزیکی از دستگاه برش مستقیم بزرگ با ابعاد 305×305 میلی‌متر و ارتفاع 152.4 استفاده شده است. برای محاسبه میزان تنش وارد بر ستون‌های سنگی و خاک اطراف از لودسل‌های مینیاتوری استفاده شده است. آزمایش‌ها در سه آرایش قرارگیری ستون سنگی شامل آرایش منفرد و مثلث و مربعی، در سه نسبت ناحیۀ اصلاح شده 4/8 و 12 و 4/16 درصد و 3 سربار قائم 55 و 75 و 100 کیلوپاسکال انجام شد. در ساخت بستر و ستون سنگی به‌ترتیب از ماسه سست و سنگ شکسته استفاده شده است. نتایج نشان می‌دهد نسبت تمرکز تنش با افزایش قطر ستون سنگی و تنش قائم کاهش می‌یابد و هم‌چنین نسبت تمرکز تنش در آرایش مربع دارای بیش‌ترین و در آرایش منفرد دارای کم‌ترین مقدار است. در تمامی آرایش‌های قرارگیری ستون سنگی مقدار نسبت تمرکز تنش تا میزان جابه‌جایی افقی برابر 2 تا 3 میلی افزایش و بعد از آن با افزایش جابه‌جایی افقی مقدار نسبت تمرکز تنش کاهش می‌یابد و تقریباً به مقدار ثابتی می‌رسد. مقایسۀ پارامترهای برشی معادل به‌دست‌آمده از نتایج آزمایش و روابط تحلیلی در حالت‌ها نسبت تمرکز تنش برابر با 1 و نسبت تمرکز تنش واقعی بدست آمده از نتایج آزمایش‌ها بیان‌گر آن است که مقادیر پارامترهای مقاومت برشی معادل حاصل از نتایج آزمایش‌ها بیش‌تر از مقادیر حاصل از روابط تحلیلی است. هم‌چنین در نظر گرفتن نسبت تمرکز تنش برابر با 1 در محاسبات پارامترهای مقاومت برشی محافظه‌کارانه است و محاسبه پارامترهای مقاومت برشی معادل واقعی باید بر اساس نسبت واقعی تمرکز تنش محاسبه شود.   http://jeg.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2813-fa.pdf 2021-05-31 35 66 10.52547/jeg.15.1.35  ستون سنگی نسبت تمرکز تنش مقاومت برشی معادل   برش مستقیم Experimental Study of the Effect of Stress Concentration Ratio on the Shear Strength of Loose Sand Reinforced by Stone Column Introduction Stone column installation method is one of the popular methods of ground improvement. Several studies have been performed to investigate the behavior of stone columns under vertical loads. However, limited research, mostly focused on numerical investigations, has been performed to evaluate the shear strength of soil reinforced with stone column. The stress concentration ratio (n) is one of the important parameters that uses in soil improvement by stone column method. Stress concentration ratio is the ratio of the stress carried by stone column to that carried by the surrounding soil. In this paper, the results of a laboratory study were used to examine the changes in the stress concentration ratio when normal and shear stress applied. Direct shear tests were carried out on specimens of sand bed material, stone column material and sand bed reinforced with stone column, using a direct shear device with in-plane dimensions of 305*305 mm and height of 152.4 mm. Experiments were performed under normal stresses of 55, 77 and 100 kPa. In this study, three different area replacement ratios (8.4%, 12%, 16.4%), and three different stone column arrangements (single, square and triangular) were considered for investigation. Loose sand and crushed gravel were used to make the bed and stone columns, respectively. In this study, the equivalent shear strength and equivalent shear parameters measured from experiments were also compared with those predicted by analytical relationships at stress concentration value of 1 and stress concentration value obtained from experiments. Material Properties Fine-grained sand with particle size ranging from 0.425 to 1.18 mm was used to prepare loose sand bed, and crushed gravel with particle size ranging from 2 to 8 mm was used as stone column material. The sand material used as bed material had a unit weight of 16 kN/m3 and a relative density of 32.5%, and the crushed stone material used in stone columns had a unit weight of 16.5 kN/m3 and a relative density of 80%. The required standard tests were performed to obtain the mechanical parameters of bed material and stone column material. As the diameters of model scale stone columns were smaller than the diameters of stone columns installed in the field, the particle dimensions of stone column material were reduced by an appropriate scale factor to allow an accurate simulation of stone columns behavior. Testing Procedure In this study, large direct shear device was used to evaluate the shear strength and equivalent shear strength parameters of loose sand bed reinforced with stone column. Experiments were performed under normal stresses of 55, 75 and 100 kPa. Two class C load cells with capacity of 2 tons were used to measure and record vertical forces and the developed shear forces during the experiments, and a Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) was used to measure horizontal displacement. The main objectives of this study was to calculate the stress concentration ratio of stone columns in different arrangement. Stress concentration ratio is the ratio of the stress carried by stone column to that carried by the surrounding soil, and can be calculated using Equation 1. For this purpose, the direct shear device was modified. Two miniature load cells with capacity of 5 kN were employed. The load cells were mounted on the rigid loading plate with dimensions of 305*305 mm2 and thickness of 30 mm, as shown in Figure 1, All achieved data from the experiments including data on vertical forces, shear forces and horizontal displacements were collected and recorded using a data logger, and an especial software was used to transfer data between the computer and the direct shear device. All specimens were sheared under a horizontal displacement rate of 1 mm/min. Experiments were performed on single stone columns and group stone columns arranged in square and triangular patterns. The selected area replacement ratios were 8.4, 12 and 16.4% for single, square and triangular stone column arrangements. To eliminate boundary effects, the distance between stone columns and the inner walls of the shear box was kept as high as 42.5 mm. In total, 11 direct shear tests were carried out, including two tests on loose sand bed material and stone column material, and 9 tests on stone columns with different arrangements. From the tests performed on group stone columns, 3 tests were performed on single stone columns, 3 tests on stone columns with square arrangement and 3 tests on stone columns with triangular arrangement. Hollow pipes with wall thickness of 2 mm and inner diameters equal to stone column diameters were used to construct stone columns. To prepare the specimens, first, the hollow pipes were installed in the shear box according to the desired arrangement. Then, bed material with unit weight of 16.5 kN/m3 was placed and compacted in the box in 5 layers, each 3 cm thick. Stone material was uniformly compacted to construct stone columns with uniform unit weight. Results and discussion The SCR value increases for settlement up to 3 mm and then decreases with increasing the horizontal displacement and then approaches almost a constant value. Results also show that stress concentration ratio decreases with increase of stone column diameter. Results show that the value of stress concentration ratio in square pattern is higher than that in single and triangular pattern. Moreover, results show that stress concentration ratio decreases with increase of normal stress. The value of the internal friction angle in (peak) state, for loose bed increases from 33 to 40 degrees in square arrangement and in the corresponding state of displacement of 10 % from 30 degrees in a loose bed increase to 32 degrees, for loose sand reinforced with stone column. Shear strength increases with the increase of modified area ratio in all stone column installation patterns in both the peak and the corresponding state of the horizontal displacement of 10%. For stone columns with the same modified area ratio, the installation pattern has an effective role in defining the shear strength. Group stone columns mobilize higher shear strength compared to single stone columns. Among the installation patterns investigated in this study, stone columns with square arrangement experienced the highest increase in shear strength value while single stone columns experienced the lowest. The equivalent shear strength values measured from experiments are higher than those obtained from analytical relationships. Accordingly, it is conservative to use analytical relationships to calculate shear strength parameters. It is worth explaining that these relationships assume that the value of stress concentration ratio is equal to 1. Results from this study show that the value of stress concentration ratio should be accurately calculated and used in the relationships. Comparison between shear strength parameters obtained from experiments and those predicted by analytical relationships shows that in single stone columns, the value of stress concentration ratio should be 3 to 4.5, and in square and triangular patterns, this value should be 6 to 7 and in triangular patterns 4.5 to 5, respectively, to achieve good agreement between experimental and analytical results in peak condition. In horizontal displacement 10% the value of stress concentration ratio should be 2.5 to 3, in single, square and triangular patterns, to achieve good agreement between experimental and analytical results../files/site1/files/151/2.pdf http://jeg.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2813-en.pdf 2021-05-31 35 66 10.52547/jeg.15.1.35 Keywords: Stone Column Stress Concentration Ratio Equivalent Shear Strength Direct Shear Test Majid Aslani aslani@iauln.ac.ir 1 AUTHOR Javad Nazariafshar j.nazariafshar@qodsiau.ac.ir 2 AUTHOR
مطالعۀ آزمایشگاهی تأثیر شکل نمونه بر شکست هیدرولیکی، تحت شرایط تنش سه محوره شکست هیدرولیکی، یکی از مهم‌ترین روش‌های تحریک مصنوعی در سازندهایی با نفوذپذیری کم است. پارامترهای مختلفی مانند رژیم تنش­ها، مقاومت کششی سنگ، مدول الاستیسیته، شدت جریان تزریق، نوع سیال شکست، ویسکوزیته سیال، فشار منفذی، مشبک‌کاری و تنش تفاضلی بر عملیات شکست هیدرولیکی تأثیر می گذارند. در بررسی‌های آزمایشگاهی، رژیم تنش‌ها و هندسه نمونه، از جمله عوامل مهم مؤثر بر شکست هیدرولیکی هستند. در این مقاله، پارامترهای مختلف عملیات شکست هیدرولیکی در 39 نمونه مکعبی سیمانی و 60 نمونه استوانه‌ای سیمانی تحت تنش‌های قائم و جانبی مختلف بررسی شده است. نتایج بررسی‌های آزمایشگاهی نشان داد، در هر دو نوع هندسه بررسی شده، تحت تنش تک‌محوره، با افزایش تنش قائم، ابتدا میانگین فشار شکست، افزایش و سپس کاهش می‌یابد. هم‌چنین، در نمونه استوانه‌ای تحت تنش سه‌محوره، با افزایش تنش قائم، ابتدا میانگین فشار شکست افزایش یافته و سپس کاهش می‌یابد و در تنش‌های جانبی بالاتر، روند نزولی میانگین فشار شکست سریع تر رخ می‌دهد.     http://jeg.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2939-fa.pdf 2021-05-31 67 94 10.52547/jeg.15.1.67  شکست هیدرولیکی تنش‌های برجا هندسه نمونه فشار شکست هندسه شکست Experimental Study of the Effects of Sample Geometry on Hydraulic Fracturing Under Triaxial Stresses Introduction Hydraulic fracturing is one of the most important stimulation methods for oil and gas reservoirs with low permeability. Various factors, such as in-situ stresses, joints and natural fractures of the formation, fluid rheology, mechanical properties of the formation, injection fluid flow rate and perforation operation, effect on the pressure and hydraulic fracture geometry. Many researchers have studied hydraulic fracturing behavior of rocks since decades ago. The researches have showed that hydraulic fracturing operations increase the production of oil wells by up to 30 percent and increase gas wells by 90 percent. Currently, this operation is performed on about 60% of all drilled wells. Material and methods In this research, for the experimental investigation of the hydraulic fracturing, considering the reservoir condition, 39 concrete cubic samples with 100 × 100 × 100 mm dimensions and 60 concrete cylindrical samples with a diameter of 54 mm and a height of 110 mm were constructed and the effect of the sample geometry and in-situ stress field on the fracture geometry, breakdown pressure, the pattern of crack propagation and finally the cross fractures in vertical wellbores were investigated. Results and discussion In cubic specimens under uniaxial stress, with increasing vertical stress to 8 MPa, first the breakdown pressure has been increased by about 132% and then with increasing vertical stress to 16 MPa, the breakdown pressure has been decreased by about 69%. In cylindrical specimens under uniaxial stress, with increasing vertical stress to 12 MPa, first the breakdown pressure increased by about 113% and then with increasing vertical stress to 16 MPa, the breakdown pressure decreased by about 6%. As the vertical stress increases to a certain limit, the pores and micro-cracks inside the sample close, thus the tensile strength and breakdown pressure increase. In the following, increasing vertical stress causes more small cracks to open and reduces the tensile strength of the rock. In cubic specimens under triaxial stresses, with increasing vertical stress, the breakdown pressure has been increased. Also, in cylindrical specimens under triaxial stresses as the maximum horizontal stress increased, the breakdown pressure increased. Conclusion The obtained results demonstrated that increasing the uniaxial stress in the vertical wellbore in both types of studied sample geometry, first the breakdown pressure increases and then from one boundary onwards, with increasing vertical stress, the breakdown pressure decreases. In cubic specimens under triaxial stress, with increasing vertical stress, the breakdown pressure increases. Additionally, in cylindrical specimens under triaxial stresses as the maximum horizontal stress increases, the breakdown pressure increases, so that, in the 8 MPa maximum horizontal stress, the breakdown pressure increases by about 81%../files/site1/files/151/3.pdf   http://jeg.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2939-en.pdf 2021-05-31 67 94 10.52547/jeg.15.1.67  Hydraulic fracturing in-situ stress field sample geometry breakdown pressure fracture geometry Mohammad Darbor darbor@sut.ac.ir 1 Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran AUTHOR Hadi Shakeri shakeri@sut.ac.ir 2 Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE ارتباط لیتولوژی و ساختارهای تکتونیکی با انواع ناپایداری‌های شیب‌های سنگی در مسیر آزادراه قزوین - رشت آزادراه قزوین- رشت از مهم­ترین محورهای ارتباطی کشور در شمال ایران است. مسیر آزادراه از سازندهای مختلف با ویژگی­های زمین‌شناسی متفاوت عبور می­کند. شیب زیاد دامنه­ها و وجود چندین دسته درزه و گسل باعث شده تا در امتداد مسیر مذکور لغزش­های متعددی به وقوع پیوسته و یا در حال وقوع باشند. در این پژوهش، تحقیق جامع درباره پراکندگی زمین­لغزش­ها و انواع آن­ها در مسیر آزادراه انجام شده است. بدین­صورت که ضمن شناسایی زمین­لغزش­های رخ داده در منطقه، موقعیت آن­ها در نقشۀ زمین­شناسی ثبت و ارتباط آن­ها با سازندهای زمین­شناسی و ساختارهای تکتونیکی بررسی شده است. مناطق و واحدهای سنگی مستعد به‌وقوع زمین­لغزش با در نظر گرفتن تراکم سطحی زمین­لغزش­ها و درصد فراوانی آن­ها در هر واحد زمین­شناسی با بهره­گیری از نرم‌افزار ARC GIS 10.2 به‌ترتیب اهمیت مشخص شدند. نتایج تحقیق نشان می­دهد علیرغم ناهمگنی قابل توجه لیتولوژی، ویژگی­های زمین­شناسی مهندسی و ساختارهای تکتونیکی، شباهتی بین انواع لغزش­ها و پراکندگی آن­هاوجود دارد.در طول این مسیرچهار نوع لغزش شناسایی شده‌اند، که عبارتند از 1. گسیختگی­های صفحه­ای، گوه­ای، واژگونی و سقوط، در سنگ­های مقاوم و نسبتاً مقاوم آندزیت، تراکی آندزیت و بازالت­های متعلق به سازند کرج، آهک­های اوربیتولین­دار کرتاسه و کنگلومرای فجن. در سنگ­های ذکر شده چندین دسته درزه موجود بوده است که سطوح درزه­ها دارای هوازدگی متوسط تا شدید است. بازشدگی آن­ها بین 1-5/0 میلی­متر است. مقاومت برشی درزه­ها نیز متوسط است که با توجه به جهت غالب درزه‌ها نسبت به رویه شیروانی نوع گسیختگی­ها تغییر کرده است. 2. ریزش و پوشش سنگ­ریزه­ای در کلاهک سیلیسی و زمین­لغزش چرخشی در زون آرژیلیتی- سریسیتی واحد سنگ شناسی A، 3. ریزش سنگ در سنگ­های متشکل از توف کربناتی و آندزیتی در واحد سنگ شناسی EV2 متعلق به سازند کرج. بالا بودن سطح آب زیرزمینی در کیلومتر 750+80 مسیر آزادراه باعث کاهش مقاومت اشباع به­دلیل محتوی بالای اکسید آهن از قبیل گوتیت در سیمان توف­های آندزیتی شده است و 4. جریان واریزه­ای و زمین­لغزش چرخشی در خاک‌های برجای سازند شمشک به­دلیل بافت لپیدوبلاستیک اسلیت­ها و استعداد فرسایش‌پذیری بالای آن­ها با توجه به آب و هوای مسیر در حد فاصل منجیل- رودبار.     http://jeg.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2743-fa.pdf 2020-06-28 95 124 10.52547/jeg.15.1.95  آزادراه قزوین- رشت زمین­لغزش سازند کرج زون آرژیلیتی- سریسیتی شمشک بافت لپیدوبلاستیک نرم افزارARC GIS 10.2 The Influence of Structural Setting and Lithology on Landslide Type and Pattern in Qazvin-Rasht Freeway Introduction Landslides have an effective role in the destruction of freeways and railroads, which have been caused to many human and financial losses. Understanding this phenomenon and its effective factors can be important in planning for development projects and away from landslide prone areas. Based on extensive field in the Qazvin-Rasht freeway that the authors carried out in various researches in 2014-2017, it was found that the freeway was threatened by the type of instabilities due to variety of lithologies  and tectonic structures exploitation phase and needs to be stabilized. The purpose of this study is to determine of the distribution of landslides in different types of lithologicalunits of the Qazvin-Rasht freewaythat shows the role of geology and differences in geotechnical characteristics and tectonic structures in the creation and distribution of landslides on the road.The role of geology on the difference in geotechnical properties and tectonic structures in the creation and distribution in the road. Geological engineering properties and appropriate stabilization methods is the other goals of this study. Material and Methods In the study, the locations and the type of landslides are distinguished and the information were plotted on geological map. Then by the ARC GIS 10.2 program, and the use of area density method, the percentage of landslide events in each geological formation was identified. In order to study the role of lithology (type of rock, texture, mineralogy, weathering, alteration and erosion), sampling were carried out from rocks of Karaj formation, Shemshak formation, Cretaceous orbitalolina limestone and Fajan conglomerate. Geotechnical characteristics of the samples were determined by performing laboratory tests such as dry weight, porosity, uni-axial compressive strength according to ISRM standard (1979). For determining the role of tectonic structures (number of joints, dip and dip direction, length (m), spacing (cm), filling percentage, opening (mm), roughness, weathering, water, friction angle) were performed. Then, the results obtained from relative density and frequency were matched with the geological, geotechnical characteristics and tectonic structures of each formation. Results In order to separate different types of landslides on various kinds of rocks, area density and frequencyof  landslides were determined by Eqs 1 and 2. Graph of frequency and area density are presented in Fig. 6 and Table 2, respectively. As can be seen in this figure and table, in Karaj formation, the percentage of rock fall, toppling, avalanche, scree slope and combined slip are the highest. In the rocks belonging to the Shemshak formation, the susceptibility of the debris flow and landslides has been increased. In Fajan conglomerates and limestones of the Ziarat and Cretaceous formations, the rockfalls is more formed. where LI: area density, AL:  area of landslides in each lithological unit, AT: area of landslides in total area. where LF: frequency of landslide, NL:  number of landslides in each lithological unit, NT: number of landslides in total area. Conclusion Result showed that despite significant heterogeneity in lithology, geotechnics, engineering geology and tectonic structures, there are similarities between the types and distribution of landslides. Four of the identified landslides consist of rock fall, toppling, avalanche in the resistant and medium strength rocks such as andesite, trachy-andesite and basalts of Karaj formation, Cretaceous orbitalolina limestone and Fajan conglomerate with regard to the dominant direction of the joints in relation to the slope, the shear strength of the joints and their weathering, falling and scree slope in thesiliceous zone and composite landslide in the argilite-alounite zone due to the high alteration and groundwater level and water retention by the presence of clay minerals, landslide in the sequence of loose and resistant rocks, debris flow and landslides in the soils of Shemshak formation due to the lepidoblastic texture of the slate and their high erosion potential due to the weather climate along the Manjil-Rudbar freeway../files/site1/files/151/4.pdf http://jeg.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2743-en.pdf 2020-06-28 95 124 10.52547/jeg.15.1.95  Qazvin-Rasht freeway landslide Karaj formation Shemshak ARC GIS. Mahnaz Firuzi firuzi.mahnaz@yahoo.com 1 Department of Geology, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, IRAN AUTHOR Mohammadhosen Ghobadi amirghobadi@yahoo.com 2 Department of Geology, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, IRAN AUTHOR Ali Noorzad 3 Faculty of Civil, Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IRAN AUTHOR Ali Asghar Sepahi 4 Department of Geology, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, IRAN AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE بررسی تجربی رفتار پی رینگی مستقر بر بستر ماسه‌ای مسلح شده با خرده لاستیک پی‌های رینگی به‌دلیل کاربرد گسترده آن‌ها در صنایع مختلف از جمله نفت و گاز، اهمیت و حساسیت زیادی دارند، بنابراین یافتن راه‌هایی برای بهبود رفتار این‌گونه از پی‌ها می‌تواند بسیار ارزشمند باشد. یکی از این راه‌ها که بسیار ارزان قیمت است و هم‌چنین کمک شایانی به حفظ محیط‌زیست می‌کند، استفاده از خرده لاستیک حاصل از مواد دورریزی مانند لاستیک‌های مستعمل در امر تسلیح خاک است. در پژوهش حاضر به بررسی رفتار پی‌های رینگی با قطر خارجی ثابت 300 میلی‌متر و قطر داخلی متغییر (90، 120 و 150 میلی‌متر با نسبت قطر داخلی به خارجی 3/0، 4/0 و 5/0) که مستقر بر بسترهای ماسه‌ای غیرمسلح و هم‌چنین مسلح شده با خرده لاستیک دانه‌ای است، می‌پردازیم. نتایج حاصل از آزمایش‌های تجربی نشان می­دهد در هر دو بستر غیرمسلح و هم‌چنین مسلح شده با خرده لاستیک دانه‌ای، پی رینگی با نسبت قطر داخلی به خارجی 4/0 بیش‌ترین ظرفیت باربری و کم‌ترین نشست را دارد. هم‌چنین افزودن ضخامت لایه مخلوط خاک- خرده لاستیک تا ضخامتی بهینه که برابر با نصف قطر خارجی پی رینگی است، می‌تواند ظرفیت باربری را تا 5/41% نسبت به حالت غیرمسلح افزایش دهد و افزایش بیش‌تر این ضخامت باعث کاهش مجدد ظرفیت باربری پی رینگی می‌شود. در ضمن افزودن یک لایه مخلوط خاک- خرده لاستیک می‌تواند تنش­های قائم انتشار یافته در بستر زیرین پی را تا 6/24% نسبت به حالت غیرمسلح کاهش دهد.   http://jeg.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2847-fa.pdf 2021-05-31 125 148 10.52547/jeg.15.1.125 پی رینگی ماسه خرده لاستیک ظرفیت باربری تنش قائم. Experimental Investigation of Ring Footing Laid on Sand Bed Reinforced with Rubber Particles Introduction The ring footings are very important and sensitive due to widespread use in various industries such as oil and gas; so finding some ways for improving the behavior of these types of footings can be very valuable. One of these ways, which is very affordable and also can be help in environmental protection, is the use of granulated rubber that made from disposable materials like scrape tires, as the soil reinforcement. In the present study, the behavior of ring footings with outer constant diameter of 300 mm and variable inner diameters (90, 120 and 150 mm with inner to outer diameter ratio of 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5) placed on unreinforced sand bed and also granulated rubber reinforced bed, has been investigated by field test. The effects of important parameters like inner to outer diameter ratio of ring footing and thickness of rubber-soil mixture on the behavior of ring footing in terms of bearing capacity, settlement and inside vertical stresses of footing bed have been studied and the optimum values mentioned parameters have been determined. Material and methods In all tests, a sandy soil was used to fill the test trench which was excavated in the natural bed of the earth with a length and width of 2000 mm and a height of 990 mm. It should be noted that the type of this soil is well-graded sand (SW) according to the Unified Classification System (ASTM D 2487-11). This sand had medium grain size, D50, of 2.35 mm, moisture content of 5.4% and friction angle of 41.7∘. The granulated rubber particles with dimensions between 2-20 mm, a mean particle size, D50, of 14 mm and a specific gravity, Gs, of 1.15, have been used in all tests for using in rubber-soil mixture layer. The loading system consists of several parts such as loading frame for providing reaction force, hydraulic jack, load cell, load transfer system (including loading shaft which was located below Load cell and footing cap which was located under the loading shaft) and rigid steel loading plates with different inner to outer diameter ratios (d/D=0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 and constant outer diameter of 300 mm). Some devices like load cell, LVDT, pressure cell, data logger and unit control were applied to collect the data and control the system. Both soil and rubber-soil mixture layers were compacted by vibrating plate compactor to gain their maximum densities. After preparing the tests, the static load was applied on the system at a rate of 1 kPa per second until 1000 kPa or until backfill failure. Results and discussion The results of tests on both unreinforced and rubber reinforced beds indicated that the ring footing with inner to outer diameter ratio (d/D) of 0.4 had the maximum bearing capacity in all settlement levels. This behavior can be related to the arching phenomenon within the internal spaces of ring footing with optimum inner to outer diameter ratio. In fact, when the ring footing with optimum inner to outer diameter ratio is subjected to a certain level of loading, the soil inside the ring seems to be compacted due to interface effect of the two sides of the ring. However, by increasing the inner to outer diameter ratio more than its optimum value, the ring behaves like two independent strip footings without any interface effect and therefore the bearing capacity decreases. The results of tests showed that the vertical inside stresses in different depths of footing bed (both unreinforced and rubber reinforced beds) decrease with increasing d/D ratio. This stress reduction process can be due to the transfer of stress concentration from the points close to the center of the ring to the outer point because of turning from the ring mode with interface effect to the two independent strip footings that mentioned earlier. The results of rubber reinforced cases illustrated that, regardless of the footing settlement level and also irrespective of d/D ratio, the bearing capacity of ring footing increases with increasing the thickness of rubber-soil mixture layer (hrs) up to the value equals 0.5 times the outer diameter of ring footing and further increase in this thickness more than mentioned optimum value (hrs/D=0.5) can decrease the bearing capacity. Even in some cases of reinforced base (hrs/D=1), the bearing capacity can be reduced to the value less than that of unreinforced cases. It can be due to high compressibility of rubber reinforced layers with higher thicknesses than optimum value. It should be mentioned that the rubber reinforced layer can reduce the vertical inside stresses compared to unreinforced cases. It can be due to this fact that the rubber reinforced layer acts as a wide slab. Such that it can spread the applied loading over a wider area. Also rubber reinforced layer has high capacity of absorbing energy and therefore can decrease the vertical inside stresses. Conclusion In the present study the behavior of ring footing placed on rubber reinforced bed have been investigated by field test. The effect of different parameters such as inner to outer diameter ratio of ring footing and the thickness of rubber-soil mixture layer on the bearing capacity, settlement and vertical inside stresses of the footing bed were studied. The result indicates that: - In both unreinforced and rubber reinforced bed, the ring footing with inner to outer diameter ratio (d/D) of 0.4 had the maximum bearing capacity, regardless of settlement level. -The vertical inside stresses in different depths of footing bed decrease with increasing d/D ratio. -The bearing capacity of ring footing increases with increasing the thickness of rubber-soil mixture layer (hrs) up to the optimum value equals 0.5 times the outer diameter of ring footing. -The vertical stresses can be reduced by using rubber reinforced layer../files/site1/files/151/5.pdf   http://jeg.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2847-en.pdf 2021-05-31 125 148 10.52547/jeg.15.1.125 Ring footing sand rubber particle bearing capacity vertical stress Mohammad Hossein Keyghobadi mhkeyghobadi@yahoo.com 1 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran AUTHOR Adel Asakereh asakereh@hormozgan.ac.ir 2 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran AUTHOR Behzad Kalantari kalantari@hormozgan.ac.ir 3 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran AUTHOR Masoud Dehghani m.dehghani@hormozgan.ac.ir 4 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE بررسی تجربی رفتار مکانیکی ماسه تزریق شده با دوغاب سیمان در حضور متاکائولین به‌تازگی به نوع خاصی از رس کائولینیت بنام متاکائولین در بتن توجه شده که نتایج جالب توجهی به دنبال داشته است. هر چندکه، در بارۀ کاربرد این مصالح در شاخه تزریق و بهسازی زمین پژوهش چندانی انجام نشده است و اثرات این ماده بر رفتار مکانیکی خاک بستر به‌خوبی مشخص نیست. هدف اصلی این تحقیق بررسی پارامتر­های مکانیکی ماسه تزریق‌شده با دوغاب حاصل از ترکیب سیمان و متاکائولین، در درصد­های مختلف با رویکرد بهبود در عملکرد آن و به‌دست آوردن نسبت بهینه استفاده از متاکائولین است. برای بررسی رفتار خاک تزریق شده با دوغاب­های سیمان-متاکائولین یک مدل آزمایشگاهی طراحی و ساخته شد. نمونه­ها بعد از عمل­آوری به‌مدت 14 و 28 روز تحت آزمایش­های سه­محوری با شرایط مختلف قرار گرفتند. به‌طورکلی نتایج نشان داد که متاکائولین می­تواند در پایدارسازی هر چه بیش‌تر دوغاب سیمان تزریقی در مقابل پدیده آب اندازی نقش مثبت ایفا کند. هم‌چنین با توجه به نتایج حاصل از آزمایش­ سه­محوری روی خاک ماسه­ای تزریق شده با دوغاب­های سیمان-متاکائولین مشاهده شد، جای‌گزینی درصدی از سیمان مصرفی با متاکائولین سبب همگن­تر شدن، بهبود در شکل­پذیری و نرم تر شدن رفتار پس از گسیختگی می­شود اما پارامتر چسبندگی ناحیۀ تزریق شده را در مقایسه با استفاده از سیمان خالص در دوغاب مقداری کاهش می­دهد. هم‌چنین با توجه به نتایج تحقیق حاضر و نتایج حاصل از تحقیق­های محققان پیشین مشاهده می­شود مقدار استفاده بهینه از متاکائولین در دوغاب با توجه غلظت دوغاب و شرایط محیط از قبیل تنش ­همه­جانبه تعیین می­شود و در حالت­های مختلف باید این مقدار را با روش سعی و خطا به‌دست آورد. به‌طورکلی می­توان گفت با جای‌گزین کردن درصدی از سیمان دوغاب با متاکائولین می­توان با حفظ تقریبی مقاومت فشاریِ خاک تزریق شده، شکل­پذیری (افزایش کرنش نظیر مقاومت حداکثر) را افزایش و مدول نرم‌شوندگی را کاهش می‌دهد.     http://jeg.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2920-fa.pdf 2021-05-31 149 176 10.52547/jeg.15.1.149 واژه‌های کلیدی: بهسازی خاک تزریق ماسه متاکائولین. Experimental Study on the Mechanical Behavior of Sand Grouted with Cement-Based Grout in the Presence of Metakaolin Introduction Grouting is one of the most widely used methods of soils improvement in which pressurized grout penetrates in the voids, of the soil. In the grouting method, in addition to reducing the permeability, shear strength and stiffness of the soil increase significantly. However, application of this method in projects such as dam construction and soil improvement requires the use of a large volume of grouting materials in order to satisfy the design criteria. In more recent years, due to the economic and environmental issues, in the case of cement-based grouts, replacing the whole or a portion of Portland cement with other materials has been experimentally investigated. A special type of kaolinite clay called metakaolin has recently been used in concrete, which has yielded interesting results. However, few studies has been conducted on the use of metakaolin in cement-based grouts. Such that, its effect on the mechanical behavior of the grouted soil are not well understood. Accordingly, in the present study, the mechanical behavior of a type of sandy soil grouted with different combinations of Portland cement and metakaolin was experimentally investigated in laboratory scale. Material and methods Different materials used in the present study including sand, cement, metakaolin, bentonite and water were selected based on the standard criteria and with the aim of better interpreting the test  result and their differences due to considered influencing factors. Sand was obtained from Malayer Shushab river bed. According to the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS), it is classified as SP. Ordinary Portland cement was used in this study regarding to its widespread application in the practical works. The metakolin is classified as class N pozzolan according to the ASTM C618. Another constituent material of grout is bentonite which is produced by Iran Barit factory as sodium-calcium bentonite. Its liquid limit and plastic index are 296 and 262 percent, respectively. The water used to prepare the grouts was provided from Hamedan drinking water, which according to ASTM C94 has the required quality for grouting operations in laboratory. The device for grouting specimens was developed at the Soil Mechanics Laboratory of Bu-Ali Sina University during the present study. It equipped with grouting pressure control system and tool for keeping grout in homogeneous conditions during the grouting operation into specimen. The samples were prepared with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 percent substitution of cement with metakaolin. Curing time of grouted samples was considered as14 and 28 days. In order to investigate the factor affecting stress-strain behavior of the grouted sand, the samples were sheared using advanced triaxial apparatus. After passing considered curing time, the samples were sheared considering three levels of confining pressures of 50, 100 and 200 kPa and by applying axial strain rate of 1 mm per minute. For each test, the maximum deviator stress and its corresponding axial strain were recorded. In addition, for studying post peak behavior of grouted soil, for every one of tests, average ratio of deviator stress to the axial strain as softening modulus, was calculated from the deviator stress-axial strain curves.  The moisture content of the samples was also measured according to ASTM D2216 at the end of tests. In the following, the role of different factors influencing stress-stain behavior of grouted sand including; confining pressure, ratio of water to the mix of cement and metakaolin, percentage of metakaolin, curing time and moisture content were investigated. Results and discussion Figure 1 shows the effect of metakaolin as alternative of a portion of cement on maximum confined compressive strength and its corresponding axial strain. For the samples confined by pressure of 50 kPa the maximum confined compressive strength is almost constant by replacing cement with metakaolin up to 10%. However, the amount of axial strain corresponding to the maximum compressive strength of the specimens increases by 6% (Figure 2). For 25% replacement, the maximum confined compressive strength of the samples decreases by 17% compared to the initial state (pure cement). In contrast, the axial strain value related to peak state of most samples has been increased by 4% in comparison to the initial state.   In the case of confining pressure of 100 kPa, by replacing up to 10%, the mean confined compressive strength of the specimens was almost constant. However, the amount of axial strain corresponding to the peak state of the specimens has been increased by a maximum value of 18%. For 20% replacement percentage the compressive strength of the specimens has been decreased by about 15% compared to the initial state. However, in the range of 20 to 25 percent, the reduction process has slowed down, which can be due to various factors such as the effects of sample densification during further increase of metakaolin. According to Figure 1, it can be seen that in the range of 20 to 25% substitution, the amount of strain at failure state increased by an average of 40%, which indicates that the sample is more deformable. In the case of confining stress of 200 kPa, by replacing 10% of the cement with metakaolin, maximum confined compressive strength and its corresponding axial strain, has been increased by approximately 5 and 14%, respectively. With increasing cement substitution up to 25%, the resistance of the specimens decreased by 8% compared to the result of sample grouted with pure cement. Although, axial strain at peak state has been increased by 28%. From the Figure 1, it is obvious that increasing in confining pressure yeilds a considerable increase in the maximum compressive strength of grouted soil. Besides, post peak behavior of grouted soil is also affected significantly by confining pressure. Such that an increase in confining pressure leads to decrease in softening modulus. On the other word, grouted soil displays a more deformable behavior. It should be noted that these aspects of grouted sand cannot be described by unconfined test. However compressive strength of the grouted soils in the majority of case, has been evaluated based on the unconfined test results.  Conclusion The aim of this study was to investigate, in laboratory scale, the mechanical behavior of sand grouted with cement-based grout and considering different percentage of metakaolin as an alternative for a portion of cement. The soil samples were grouted using a specific device developed during present study. After passing curing time the samples were sheared using triaxial apparatus by considering three levels of confining pressures. The main findings of this experimental research are as follows: - Replacing 10% of cement with metakaolin, increases deformability of grouted soil, without reducing compressive strength. Deformability of grouted soil increases with adding more percentage of metakaolin however, in this case compressive strength decreases. - By increasing confining pressures, more values of metakaolin can be used instead of cement in the grout. - Increasing confining pressure, increases compressive strength, increases deformability and deceases softening modulus at post peak behavior. - Shear strength parameters of grouted sand is affected by adding metakaolin into the grout. Increasing the percentage of metakaolin results in small changes in the internal friction angle of the grouted sand, however, the amount of cohesion decreases. http://jeg.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2920-en.pdf 2021-05-31 149 176 10.52547/jeg.15.1.149 Mohammad Maleki maleki@basu.ac.ir 1 Department of Civil Engineering, Bu-Ali Sina University AUTHOR Mohammad Amin Farahpour 2 Department of Civil Engineering, Bu-Ali Sina University AUTHOR